The Freedom and Determinism - IVORY RESEARCHERS

Chapter Four

Are You Free? Freedom and Determinism

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4.1 Are You the Master of Your Fate?

(i) Whether or not we are free is a philosophical question that necessitates deep reflection and analysis.

(ii) Beliefs about whether or not we are free effects our ability to change and grow as a person, develop a moral outlook, and participate in a fair and just society.

(iii) Determinism is the view that every event, including human actions, are brought about by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the world. Human freedom is an illusion. Some common causes as put forth by determinists are:

a. Human nature

b. Environment

c. Psychological forces

d. Social dynamics

(iv) Compatibilism is the view that all events, including human actions are caused. However, we can consider human actions free if they are a result of internal motivations, not the product of external influences or constraints.

(v) Indeterminism is the view that some events, including human actions, are not necessarily determined by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the world.

(vi) Libertarianism is the view that humans are able to make authentically free choices that are not determined by previous events in accordance with the natural laws that govern the world. In other words, given a choice, we could have done otherwise.

4.2 Determinism

(i) Determinism is based on a scientific model of the physical universe.

(ii) In general, determinists, such as Skinner, Freud, and Mill, use the following reasoning:

a. Events in the physical world consistently display well-defined causal connections.

b. Events in the biological world also consistently display causal connections.

c. Because humans are a part of the physical and biological worlds, it is reasonable to assume that all human actions are causally determined.

(iii) Baron dHolbach exemplifies this reasoning when he argues that humans are connected to universal nature and subject to necessary and immutable laws that she imposes on all the beings she contains.

(iv) Determinists hold that human freedom is inhibited by external and internal constraints. External constraints are those imposed by your environment and circumstances. Internal constraints are the limitations to our autonomy imposed by ourselves.

4.3 Compatibilism

(i) In general, compatibilists, such as Stace, argue that if human actions are the result of internal motivations and not the product of external constraints, then they are considered free.

(ii) Schlick disagreed with some compatibilists and argued that some internal constraints can limit our freedom. However, he did argue that we are free when our actions are a result of our unimpeded rational desires.

(iii) Dennett, a materialist, argues that human freedom is an evolved creation of human activity and beliefsand an objective phenomenon, distinct from all other biological conditions and found in only one species, us.

4.4 Indeterminism and Libertarianism

(i) James argues that determinism cannot account for the testimony of our direct, lived experience, which is exhibited in our beliefs about the possibility of self improvement, determining our moral outlook, choosing spiritual destiny, and social improvement.

(ii) Determinism contradicts our lived human experience, i.e., the rational belief that we can make judgments and do make them.

(iii) Sartre argues that we are condemned to be free, i.e., humans are absolutely responsible to create their own meaningful existence. As a result of this, the human response to this is anguish, abandonment, and despair. Humans are uncertain whether their actions and choices are right or wrong, there is no authority to guide us. This results in angst.

4.5 A Feminist Analysis of Freedom

(i) Grimshaw provides a feminist analysis of freedom in which she argues that repressive social forces can erode an individuals psychological autonomy. She holds that this psychic coercion has forced women to think they are inferior to men.

(ii) Psychic coercion is an internal constraint that compromises ones autonomy and limits their personal freedom.

(iii) Free choice is contingent on becoming aware of repressive forces and liberating oneself from them.

4.6 Making Connections: Creating a Synthesis

(i) To increase personal freedom, one must confront and analyze external and internal constraints, thus creating options from which to choose.

Key Terms

Determinism Compatibilism

Indeterminism Libertarianism

Existentialism Responsibility

Internal constraints External constraints

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